Two years in that country "along the way" strategic attention, as the traditional one of the important countries along the Silk Road, Turkey is therefore a major concern.
Because of its unique geographical advantage, history, Turkey has always played an important role in East-West trade. History textbooks have told us that Portugal and Spain people opening up new routes, because of the rise of the Ottoman Empire blocked traditional trade routes. Really the truth? On this issue, the surging News (www.thepaper.CN) interviewed Wang Sanyi, a history professor at Shanghai University.
Professor Wang said that traditionally refers to the delivery of trade routes to China, India silk, spices, herbs and other products to Europe route. City, one of the most ancient trade routes in Asia and Europe from China in the East, to Asia minor in the hinterland of Central Asia, to Europe, a number of branch lines in the Middle, that is, land "Silk Road". And the India Ocean to Europe's trade routes is two things: a from the India Ocean entered the Persian Gulf, from landing in the Persian Gulf, road to Syria, goods from Syria transferred to Europe; one is the India ocean crossing the Red Sea to Egypt, from Egypt go to Europe. If you want to say Turkey man "blocks" of traditional trade routes, must be blocked several roads, as long as there is a clear, you can't say "traditional trade routes do not pass". However, that's not what happened. For a long time this pandemic--the traditional Eastern trade routes is Turkey who block is debatable.
Sketch map of the Silk Road
Surging News: why "Turkey man blocked traditional trade routes," the popular view is open to question?
Wang Sanyi: first, the development and expansion of the Ottoman Empire, after a long process. Early Ottoman Turkey country is only nomads in a country, territory limited to Anatolia. Early expansion, Turkey will for nearly a century in the Balkans war. By 1453 when Constantinople fell, Syria and South of the area are not the Ottoman State territory. At this stage, Turkey's forces have not extended to Eastern Mediterranean South-East Coast. Did not have the strength to control East Eastern Mediterranean route, there is no blocking trade routes.
Secondly, the Ottoman Empire's "rise" will inevitably "blocking trade routes"? Through the India Ocean two trade routes through East Eastern Mediterranean, Syria and Egypt was over. Obviously, Turkey controlled here, will it be possible to "blocking trade routes." Turkey conquered Syria (including Palestine) and Egypt, was in 1516-1517, this time, has opened a new sea routes to the Americas, Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigate the fleet is ready to go.
Surging News: in other words, the rise of the Ottoman Empire and opened up new routes, the two historical events do not exist a causal link?
Wang Sanyi: history is clear.
Turkey's expansion process, there are several key events: 1362 Turkey people capture Adria and invaded Macedonia plain; 1384 captured Sofia, soon controlled the whole Bulgaria; in the battle of Kosovo in 1389, Turkey men defeated the Yugoslav army, Serbia Empire 1453 captured Constantinople; more than 60 years later, Turkey people occupied in 1516 Syria; 1517 conquered Egypt.
New route opened of important event has: 1402 kasidiliren occupation has Canary Islands; 1415 Portugal people occupation North Africa of Hugh up City; 1441 Portugal people found Brown angle, adventure team from African with back black slave; 1488 batuoluomiu·diyashi bypass African South end of Cape; 1492 Columbus first times sailing to America; 1497-1498 up • gamma horse of fleet arrived India kalikute city, hanging with United Kingdom flag of Italy fleet also in Atlantic Shang 1517-1519 completed voyage Magellan fleet.
South Africa angle of Concordia beacon
From the time line view, Turkey's expansion and adventurers to explore new routes in Western Europe was almost at the same time, Turkey's expansion started earlier.
Surging News: now that the historical facts are clear, why there are differences in understanding or judgment?
Wang Sanyi: the point is, when was the Ottoman Empire's "rise", at this point, judge there is a great difference.
Some scholars 1354 Turkey people cross the Dardanelles into Europe as an important symbol, that from now on Turkey who had begun to threaten European security. Some scholars as a sign of the rise of the Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople in 1453. Some scholars regard occupation in 1517 Egypt as PA status symbol of the formation of the Ottoman Empire.
If in 1354 Ottoman Empire has threatened Europe, so that "Turkey's threats", Portugal and Spain after man's adventure in. If in 1453 as a sign of the rise of the Ottoman Empire, then Portugal and Spain's adventures in half before the rise of the Ottoman Empire, half in the wake of the rise of the Ottoman Empire. If to 1517 Turkey conquered Syria and Egypt as a sign, then Portugal and Spain's main exploration activities had been completed.
Turkey movie conquest of 1453
If the 1354 "threat to Europe" says rise and 1453 says, is a causal relationship can be drawn.
Surging News: in this issue, what is your opinion?
Wang Sanyi: firstly, Turkey continued to expand into Europe, "rise" before the threat in Europe, but it is not able to control the East Eastern Mediterranean. If Turkey people are capable of blocking trade routes, only after the year 1517.
Second, strong national strength of the Ottoman Empire, attempts to establish hegemony in times of Suleiman I, 1520-1566. Turkey and Spain compete for Eastern Mediterranean hegemony was after 1550. For example, 1559 Turkey who defeated in battle of Djerba Spain fleet, the Ottoman Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean's power reached its peak. But October 1571 battle of Lepanto Turkey failed.
The way I see it, you cannot overestimate the power of the Ottoman Empire. In 16th century Turkey failed to completely win Morocco, Gibraltar and the sea to the Atlantic, also failed to dominate the Eastern Mediterranean; in the East, Turkey failed to conquer Persia, could not be achieved for the India Ocean stronghold.
Instead, Portugal in the India ocean challenges should not be underestimated the forces against the Ottoman Empire, ultimately, it is the Europeans to stop Turkey people out of the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. In this connection, scholars such as Fernand Braudel has been studied. Fernand Braudel and even think, "not Turkey take Portugal, on the contrary, Portugal also blocked Turkey continued to expand the force. " New culture movement a century Qin Hui over enlightenment
Surging News: according to what you said, the traditional trade routes of Eastern Europe is not interrupted?
Wang Sanyi: Yes. Turkey in the rise of the first conquest of the Balkans, and then conquered Syria, and Egypt, and lianghe basin, North Africa's Tunisia and Algeria, each occupying a place, Turkey people unable or unwilling to manage their trade, customs officials and tax officials from Venice, and Greece or Armenia who acted as. Turkey people are nomads who are good at fighting, not calculating, is active in the economic field during the period of the Ottoman Empire minorities (Greece people, the Jews, the Armenia people etc).
Expanding Ottoman Empire map
Scholars such as Eric Jones, 16th century Ottoman conquer Egypt Hou, re-open the overland spice trade route, rather than blocking the road of spices. Caravan TRANS spice than the Cape sea risk, Turkey benefited many people. Late 17th century spice trade gradually declined, largely because the Europeans have reduced the demand for spices. Dawei·nigula believes that Turkey about Hungary, the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean posed a threat, however, by the end of 16th century, Turkey and Western also maintained active trading activities. Eric Jones said in his book, "Ottoman Turkey people bring stability to the Middle East in order to protect the trade routes across the fertile Crescent security". The Ottoman Empire is not the Eastern Mediterranean trade spoilers. I believe Eric Jones, scholars such as Dawei·nigula judgment.
Key Middle East businessmen only in transit trade, regardless of what forces control the Eastern Mediterranean, will not be affected significantly. For example, in the 16th century, Turkey controlled the East Eastern Mediterranean, businessmen from East, South-East of the Ottoman Empire imported peppers, jewellery, silks, and the Europeans need the other commodities, they rarely organized to conduct direct trade with Europe. European merchants coming to East Eastern Mediterranean commercial centre of the Ottoman Empire, the acquisition of such long distance traders shipped goods and local commodities of the Ottoman Empire, and then loaded on ships in Europe, shipped to the European market. Such trade is long-standing, who control the Eastern Mediterranean, it is impossible to restrict commercial activity.
Surging News: "Turkey man blocked traditional trade routes" point of view, some scholars have questioned?
Wang Sanyi: libuyeer in an article published in 1915, was questioned. Due to the libuyeer of articles published earlier, most people do not understand. Until the advent of Wallerstein's work, the modern world system, reference libuyeer and describes in his book, libuyeer question "Turkey man blocking trade routes," said views were known. Zong 40 's of last century by Chinese scholars at Tsinghua University, according to the class of popular opinion absurd, saying that "Turkey man blocking trade routes" is fabricated. Mr Zong also noted that Portugal who reached India Hou, will come back to destroy the Arab businessmen's activity, cut the old East-West trade lanes.
Surging News: since traditional trade routes are not interrupted, Portugal and Spanish why "trouble"? What was their motivation for the new route opened up?
Wang Sanyi: Portugal and Spain's destination is the East, and only around the Eastern Mediterranean. Portugal from the southern tip of Africa around India, Spain who crossed the Atlantic to find a gateway to China and India route. Some scholars limit "blocking trade routes" that finds that if Turkey did not block the road, so there must be other people. Therefore, it was suggested that "Venice and Genoa merchants monopolized trade routes", it was suggested that "the Arabs controlled East Eastern Mediterranean trade routes". Of course, some people say "traditional trade routes has declined."
The way I see it: the Eastern Mediterranean Venice and Egypt Muslims dominated the trade routes to the East of normal trade, Portugal and Spain people unable to get their hands on. East Eastern Mediterranean existing trade rules and "order" are Portugal and Spain to escape, for them, the real barrier is the traditional trade routes of trade rules and the original "order". From Portugal and Spain in the looted and burned in the process of opening up new sea routes of atrocities, the adventurers are not businessmen, but the robber, they didn't want to do business with, and do not intend to benefit obtained by normal commercial means, but go directly to the looted wealth. To grasp the initiative of direct access to wealth, had to try something different.
Portugal and Spain what is man's purpose and motivation? Scholars all over the world are concerned about this issue, many papers published. For example, some scholars suggested that Portugal are early explorers open up Xinjiang soil; some scholars pointed out that Portugal and Spain focused on business, and thus go too far; some scholars believe that, Portugal people looking for East African Christian Kingdom of John. Our textbook says, in the book of make·boluoxing description of China's rich has attracted people of Western Europe. Studies of the Western European colonial adventures of scholars pointed out that Portugal explorers did not initially go to India with purpose. A proof of that is that Portugal on East real geographical and business knowledge in reaching India acquired after, reaching India Qian, Portugal who did not fully understand the paths of East-West trade. Anyway, ultimately want to plunder the wealth.
Portugal, and Spain's overseas colonization
Surging News: the rise of the Ottoman Empire, in the end there is no threat to the European world? Threats is reflected in what respect?
Wang Sanyi: Turkey's expansion poses a threat to Europe from the outset. Today's Serbia, and Bulgaria, and Greece, and Romania, and Hungary, almost all of South-Eastern Europe as a whole was Turkey conquered. Turkey under them several soldiers near Vienna city, besieging the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, causing fear to Europeans. Navy of the 16th century Ottoman Empire, in the Eastern Mediterranean world as a force to be reckoned with, many times with Venice, Spain war fleet. In short, the threat to continental Europe before the rise of the Ottoman Empire, after the rise of threats to Eastern Mediterranean countries, such as the Eastern Mediterranean business leads to Venice. Later and the Netherlands, and France and the United Kingdom formed confrontation. This is undeniable.
The problem is that Turkey which poses a threat to the European people. Said the rise of the Ottoman Empire to Portugal and the Spanish threat, this is false, but for Austria, and Italy and the Netherlands, and later tried to control the Eastern Mediterranean France and the United Kingdom, the "threat" is real. After all, the Ottoman Empire spanning three continents Europe, Asia and Africa, Western colonialism, around this behemoth.
Surging News: in other words, Turkey people blocking trade routes is not crazy?
Wang Sanyi: Zong pointed out that Westerners to colonial needs, the usual means to manufacture excuses of aggression. This is very important. However, why the colonists make up "Turkey man blocking trade routes" excuse? From the perspective of historical materials, ranging from 15 to 18th century, first in Portugal and Spain people attempting to create a new route, followed by the Netherlands, French, British or rob the new routes, control of traditional trade routes, in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, competition between all Europeans in the fierce battle, Turkey men handcuffed. But Turkey person in the eyes of Europeans is savage. Turkey on land and at sea posed a military threat to Europe, so Europeans are hostile to Muslims generally. Western Europe render Turkey atrocities against Christian civilization, exaggerating Turkey's savage Western European intellectuals made against Turkey's opinion, saying "Turkey one Islam's threat to the pagan Christian West Gate". But in fact, the Europeans know little about people living under the rule of the Ottoman Empire.
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